# Lorentz space

In mathematical analysis, Lorentz spaces, introduced by George G. Lorentz in the 1950s,[1][2] are generalisations of the more familiar ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ spaces.

The Lorentz spaces are denoted by ${\displaystyle L^{p,q}}$. Like the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ spaces, they are characterized by a norm (technically a quasinorm) that encodes information about the "size" of a function, just as the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ norm does. The two basic qualitative notions of "size" of a function are: how tall is the graph of the function, and how spread out is it. The Lorentz norms provide tighter control over both qualities than the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ norms, by exponentially rescaling the measure in both the range (${\displaystyle p}$) and the domain (${\displaystyle q}$). The Lorentz norms, like the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ norms, are invariant under arbitrary rearrangements of the values of a function.

## Definition

The Lorentz space on a measure space ${\displaystyle (X,\mu )}$  is the space of complex-valued measurable functions ${\displaystyle f}$  on X such that the following quasinorm is finite

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{p,q}(X,\mu )}=p^{\frac {1}{q}}\left\|t\mu \{|f|\geq t\}^{\frac {1}{p}}\right\|_{L^{q}\left(\mathbf {R} ^{+},{\frac {dt}{t}}\right)}}$

where ${\displaystyle 0  and ${\displaystyle 0 . Thus, when ${\displaystyle q<\infty }$ ,

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{p,q}(X,\mu )}=p^{\frac {1}{q}}\left(\int _{0}^{\infty }t^{q}\mu \left\{x:|f(x)|\geq t\right\}^{\frac {q}{p}}\,{\frac {dt}{t}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}=\left(\int _{0}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\tau \mu \left\{x:|f(x)|^{p}\geq \tau \right\}{\bigr )}^{\frac {q}{p}}\,{\frac {d\tau }{\tau }}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}.}$

and, when ${\displaystyle q=\infty }$ ,

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{p,\infty }(X,\mu )}^{p}=\sup _{t>0}\left(t^{p}\mu \left\{x:|f(x)|>t\right\}\right).}$

It is also conventional to set ${\displaystyle L^{\infty ,\infty }(X,\mu )=L^{\infty }(X,\mu )}$ .

## Decreasing rearrangements

The quasinorm is invariant under rearranging the values of the function ${\displaystyle f}$ , essentially by definition. In particular, given a complex-valued measurable function ${\displaystyle f}$  defined on a measure space, ${\displaystyle (X,\mu )}$ , its decreasing rearrangement function, ${\displaystyle f^{\ast }:[0,\infty )\to [0,\infty ]}$  can be defined as

${\displaystyle f^{\ast }(t)=\inf\{\alpha \in \mathbf {R} ^{+}:d_{f}(\alpha )\leq t\}}$

where ${\displaystyle d_{f}}$  is the so-called distribution function of ${\displaystyle f}$ , given by

${\displaystyle d_{f}(\alpha )=\mu (\{x\in X:|f(x)|>\alpha \}).}$

Here, for notational convenience, ${\displaystyle \inf \varnothing }$  is defined to be ${\displaystyle \infty }$ .

The two functions ${\displaystyle |f|}$  and ${\displaystyle f^{\ast }}$  are equimeasurable, meaning that

${\displaystyle \mu {\bigl (}\{x\in X:|f(x)|>\alpha \}{\bigr )}=\lambda {\bigl (}\{t>0:f^{\ast }(t)>\alpha \}{\bigr )},\quad \alpha >0,}$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$  is the Lebesgue measure on the real line. The related symmetric decreasing rearrangement function, which is also equimeasurable with ${\displaystyle f}$ , would be defined on the real line by

${\displaystyle \mathbf {R} \ni t\mapsto {\tfrac {1}{2}}f^{\ast }(|t|).}$

Given these definitions, for ${\displaystyle 0  and ${\displaystyle 0 , the Lorentz quasinorms are given by

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{p,q}}={\begin{cases}\left(\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }\left(t^{\frac {1}{p}}f^{\ast }(t)\right)^{q}\,{\frac {dt}{t}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}&q\in (0,\infty ),\\\sup \limits _{t>0}\,t^{\frac {1}{p}}f^{\ast }(t)&q=\infty .\end{cases}}}$

## Lorentz sequence spaces

When ${\displaystyle (X,\mu )=(\mathbb {N} ,\#)}$  (the counting measure on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ ), the resulting Lorentz space is a sequence space. However, in this case it is convenient to use different notation.

### Definition.

for ${\displaystyle (a_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }\in \mathbb {R} ^{\mathbb {N} }}$  (or ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{\mathbb {N} }}$  in the complex case), let ${\displaystyle \|(a_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }\|_{p}=\left(\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }|a_{n}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}}$  denote the p-norm for ${\displaystyle 1\leq p<\infty }$  and ${\displaystyle \|(a_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }\|_{\infty }=\sup |a_{n}|}$  the ∞-norm. Denote by ${\displaystyle \ell _{p}}$  the Banach space of all sequences with finite p-norm. Let ${\displaystyle c_{0}}$  the Banach space of all sequences satisfying ${\displaystyle \lim |a_{n}|=0}$ , endowed with the ∞-norm. Denote by ${\displaystyle c_{00}}$  the normed space of all sequences with only finitely many nonzero entries. These spaces all play a role in the definition of the Lorentz sequence spaces ${\displaystyle d(w,p)}$  below.

Let ${\displaystyle w=(w_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }\in c_{0}\setminus \ell _{1}}$  be a sequence of positive real numbers satisfying ${\displaystyle 1=w_{1}\geq w_{2}\geq w_{3}\cdots }$ , and define the norm ${\displaystyle \|(a_{n})\|_{d(w,p)}=\sup _{\sigma \in \Pi }\|(a_{\sigma (n)}w_{n}^{1/p})_{n=1}^{\infty }\|_{p}}$ . The Lorentz sequence space ${\displaystyle d(w,p)}$  is defined as the Banach space of all sequences where this norm is finite. Equivalently, we can define ${\displaystyle d(w,p)}$  as the completion of ${\displaystyle c_{00}}$  under ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{d(w,p)}}$ .

## Properties

The Lorentz spaces are genuinely generalisations of the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$  spaces in the sense that, for any ${\displaystyle p}$ , ${\displaystyle L^{p,p}=L^{p}}$ , which follows from Cavalieri's principle. Further, ${\displaystyle L^{p,\infty }}$  coincides with weak ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ . They are quasi-Banach spaces (that is, quasi-normed spaces which are also complete) and are normable for ${\displaystyle 1  and ${\displaystyle 1\leq q\leq \infty }$ . When ${\displaystyle p=1}$ , ${\displaystyle L^{1,1}=L^{1}}$  is equipped with a norm, but it is not possible to define a norm equivalent to the quasinorm of ${\displaystyle L^{1,\infty }}$ , the weak ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$  space. As a concrete example that the triangle inequality fails in ${\displaystyle L^{1,\infty }}$ , consider

${\displaystyle f(x)={\tfrac {1}{x}}\chi _{(0,1)}(x)\quad {\text{and}}\quad g(x)={\tfrac {1}{1-x}}\chi _{(0,1)}(x),}$

whose ${\displaystyle L^{1,\infty }}$  quasi-norm equals one, whereas the quasi-norm of their sum ${\displaystyle f+g}$  equals four.

The space ${\displaystyle L^{p,q}}$  is contained in ${\displaystyle L^{p,r}}$  whenever ${\displaystyle q . The Lorentz spaces are real interpolation spaces between ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$  and ${\displaystyle L^{\infty }}$ .