# Fisher's equation

In mathematics, Fisher's equation (named after statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher) also known as the Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equation (named after Andrey Kolmogorov, Ivan Petrovsky, and N. Piskunov), KPP equation or Fisher–KPP equation is the partial differential equation:

Numerical simulation of the Fisher–KPP equation. In colors: the solution u(t,x); in dots : slope corresponding to the theoretical velocity of the traveling wave.
Ronald Fisher in 1913
${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}-D{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}=ru(1-u).\,}$

It is a kind of Reaction–diffusion system that can be used to model population growth and wave propagation.

## Details

Fisher's equation belongs to the class of reaction-diffusion equation: in fact, it is one of the simplest semilinear reaction-diffusion equations, the one which has the inhomogeneous term

${\displaystyle f(u,x,t)=ru(1-u),\,}$

which can exhibit traveling wave solutions that switch between equilibrium states given by ${\displaystyle f(u)=0}$ . Such equations occur, e.g., in ecology, physiology, combustion, crystallization, plasma physics, and in general phase transition problems.

Fisher proposed this equation in his 1937 paper The wave of advance of advantageous genes in the context of population dynamics to describe the spatial spread of an advantageous allele and explored its travelling wave solutions.[1] For every wave speed ${\displaystyle c\geq 2{\sqrt {rD}}}$  (${\displaystyle c\geq 2}$  in dimensionless form) it admits travelling wave solutions of the form

${\displaystyle u(x,t)=v(x\pm ct)\equiv v(z),\,}$

where ${\displaystyle \textstyle v}$  is increasing and

${\displaystyle \lim _{z\rightarrow -\infty }v\left(z\right)=0,\quad \lim _{z\rightarrow \infty }v\left(z\right)=1.}$

That is, the solution switches from the equilibrium state u = 0 to the equilibrium state u = 1. No such solution exists for c < 2.[1][2][3] The wave shape for a given wave speed is unique. The travelling-wave solutions are stable against near-field perturbations, but not to far-field perturbations which can thicken the tail. One can prove using the comparison principle and super-solution theory that all solutions with compact initial data converge to waves with the minimum speed.

For the special wave speed ${\displaystyle c=\pm 5/{\sqrt {6}}}$ , all solutions can be found in a closed form,[4] with

${\displaystyle v(z)=\left(1+C\mathrm {exp} \left(\mp {z}/{\sqrt {6}}\right)\right)^{-2}}$

where ${\displaystyle C}$  is arbitrary, and the above limit conditions are satisfied for ${\displaystyle C>0}$ .

Proof of the existence of travelling wave solutions and analysis of their properties is often done by the phase space method.

## Fisher–Kolmogorov equation

A generalization is given by

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}={\frac {\alpha }{k}}u(1-u^{q})}$

which gives the above equation upon setting ${\displaystyle q=1}$ , ${\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{k}}=r}$  and rescaling the ${\displaystyle x}$  coordinate by a factor of ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {D}}}$ .[5][6][7]